INTEL 8085 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE AND PROGRAMMING || Microprocessor|| Bcis Notes

ARCHITECTURE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

8085 is pronounced as an “eighty-eighty-five” microprocessor. It is an 8-bit microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology.

It has the following configuration −

• 8-bit data bus
• 16-bit address bus, which can address up to 64KB
• A 16-bit program counter
• A 16-bit stack pointer
• Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL
• Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single-phase clock

It is used in washing machines, microwave ovens, mobile phones, etc.

8085 Microprocessor – Functional Units

8085 consists of the following functional units –

• Accumulator:- It is an 8-bit register used to perform arithmetic, logical, I/O & LOAD/STORE operations. It is connected to the internal data bus & ALU.
• Arithmetic and logic unit:- As the name suggests, it performs arithmetic and logical operations like Addition, Subtraction, AND, OR, etc. on 8-bit data.
• General-purpose register:- There are 6 general-purpose registers in 8085 processor, i.e. B, C, D, E, H & L. Each register can hold 8-bit data. These registers can work in pairs to hold 16-bit data and their pairing combination is like B-C, D-E & H-L.
• Program counter:- It is a 16-bit register used to store the memory address location of the next instruction to be executed. Microprocessor increments the program whenever an instruction is being executed so that the program counterpoints to the memory address of the next instruction that is going to be executed.
• Stack pointer:- It is also a 16-bit register that works like a stack, which is always incremented/decremented by 2 during push & pop operations.
• Temporary register:- It is an 8-bit register, which holds the temporary data of arithmetic and logical operations.
• Flag register:- It is an 8-bit register having five 1-bit flip-flops, which holds either 0 or 1 depending upon the result stored in the accumulator.

These are the set of 5 flip-flops −

• Sign (S)
• Zero (Z)
• Auxiliary Carry (AC)
• Parity (P)
• Carry (C)

Its bit position is shown in the following table:-

D7	D6	D5	D4	D3	D2	D1	D0
S	Z		AC		P		CY

The bit position of the flip flop in flag register is above;
1. Sign(S)- If D7 of the result is 1 then sign flag is set otherwise reset. As we know that a number on the D7 always decides the sign of the number.
if D7 is 1: the number is negative.
if D7 is 0: the number is positive.

2. Zeros (Z)-If the result stored in an accumulator is zero then this flip flop is set otherwise it is reset.

3. Auxiliary carry (AC)-If any carry goes from D3 to D4 in the output then it is set otherwise it is reset.

4. Parity (P)-If the no of 1’s is even in the output stored in the accumulator then it is set otherwise it is reset for the odd.

5. Carry(C)-If the result stored in an accumulator generates a carry in its final output then it is set otherwise it is reset. The carry flag also serves as a borrow flag for subtraction

• Instruction register and decoder

It is an 8-bit register. When an instruction is fetched from memory then it is stored in the Instruction register. Instruction decoder decodes the information present in the Instruction register.

• Timing and control unit

It provides timing and control signals to the microprocessor to perform operations. Following are the timing and control signals, which control external and internal circuits −

1. Control Signals: READY, RD’, WR’, ALE
2. Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M’
3. DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
4. RESET Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT

• Interrupt control

As the name suggests it controls the interrupts during a process. When a microprocessor is executing the main program and whenever an interrupt occurs, the microprocessor shifts the control from the main program to process the incoming request. After the request is completed, the control goes back to the main program.

There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085 microprocessor: INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, TRAP.

• Serial Input/output control

It controls the serial data communication by using these two instructions: SID (Serial input data) and SOD (Serial output data).

• Address buffer and address-data buffer

The content stored in the stack pointer and program counter is loaded into the address buffer and address-data buffer to communicate with the CPU. The memory and I/O chips are connected to these buses; the CPU can exchange the desired data with the memory and I/O chips.

• Address bus and data bus

The data bus carries the data to be stored. It is bidirectional, whereas the address bus carries the location to where it should be stored and it is unidirectional. It is used to transfer the data & Address I/O devices.

FEATURES OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR:- 

• Intel 8085 is an 8-bit, N-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (NMOS) microprocessor
• It is a 40 pin IC package fabricated on a single Large Scale Integration (LSI) chip
• The Intel 8085 uses a single +5V DC supply for its operation
• Its clock speed is about 3MHz
• It provides 16 address lines so it can access 2^16 = 64 KB of   memory
• Accumulator based
• It has 80 basic instructions, 246 op-codes, and 5 addressing modes.
• It contains 6200 transistors approx.
• Its dimensions are 164mm x 222 mm

INSTRUCTIONS AND DATA FORMAT OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

A microcomputer performs a task by reading and executing the set of instructions written in its memory. This set of instructions, written in a sequence is called Program.

It is a group of bits that instruct the computer to perform a specific operation.

An instruction is a command to the microprocessor to perform a given task on a specified date.

Each instruction has two parts: one is the task to be performed, called the operation code (op-code), and the second is the data to be operated on, called the operand.

8085 has 80 basic instructions, 246 op-codes.

Opcode

Address/operands

                Fig: Instructions format

Op Code= Operation to be performed

Address = address of operand on memory

Eg:  A + B

Operands = A B

Opcode = +

TYPES OF INSTRUCTION FORMATS

The 8085A instruction set consists of one, two and three-byte instructions. The first byte is always the opcode; in two-byte instructions, the second byte is usually data; in three-byte instructions the last two bytes present address or 16-bit data.

1. One Byte Instruction Formats:

• Generally, the op-code & operand are 8-bit or 1 byte.
• Specifies the operation which has to be performed or who going to do that operation.
• Generally, only one byte of a memory location is required.
• Format: Op-code, In this only op-code is present

Eg: MOV B,  C;  Move Data; copy the content of C register to B register without modifying the content of the source register.

2. Two Byte Instruction Formats:

• The first byte of two-byte instruction specifies the operation or opcode.

1 byte – Op-Code

• The second byte of the instruction specifies the operand or data.

2 byte – Operand

• Format :

Opcode

Operands

Eg: MVI B, 80H; MVI means immediate data. 57H is an immediate data and it is to be copied in the B register

3.Three Byte Instruction Format:

• The first byte specifies the op-code or operation
• The second and third byte of three-byte of the instruction specifies the operand.
• Generally, it used a 16-bit or 16-bit memory address location.
• II byte store the lower order 8 –bit of 16-bit operand.
• III byte store higher-order 8-bit of 16-bit operand.

 

D15, D14 –   –   –    –      –     –   D8 D7,  D6 –  –  –  –    –        –           D0

Higher order 8-bit                                   Lower order 8 – bit

 

• Format :

Opcode

Operand

Operand

• Eg STA ,  5600H, ST = Store, A= Accumulator, 5600H = memory location

Computer Instruction: It is a sequence of binary bits that tells the computer to do some specific task.

• An instruction usually consists of Operation code and
• Sometimes instruction just consists of operation code (Opcode)
• All of the Opcodes and operands are binary codes.
• Computer instructions (Opcode and operands) are normally stored in a consecutive memory location (g. RAM) and executed sequentially one at a time.

The control reads an instruction from a specific address in memory and executes it. It then continues by reading the next instruction in sequence and execute

Eg:  LD A, 01H

Here,

LD stands for Load

A stand for Accumulator

01 is Data (operands)&

H means Data is in Hexadecimal

Fig: How operation is performed inside the Processor.

Addressing Modes of 8085:-

Addressing mode is the way in which operand of the instruction is specified.

The way the operands are chosen during execution.

Types of addressing modes:-
In 8085 microprocessor there are 5 types of addressing modes:

1. Immediate Addressing Mode:- In immediate addressing mode, the source operand is always data. If the data is 8-bit, then the instruction will be of 2 bytes, if the data is of 16-bit then the instruction will be of 3 bytes.

Examples:
MVI B 45 (move the data 45H immediately to register B)
LXI H 3050 (load the H-L pair with the operand 3050H immediately)
JMP address (jump to the operand address immediately)

2. Register Addressing Mode:- In register addressing mode, the data to be operated is available inside the register(s) and register(s) is(are) operands. Therefore the operation is performed within various registers of the microprocessor.

Examples:
MOV A, B (move the contents of register B to register A)
ADD B (add contents of registers A and B and store the result in register A)
INR A (increment the contents of register A by one)

3. Direct Addressing Mode:- Indirect addressing mode, the data to be operated is available inside a memory location and that memory location is directly specified as an operand. The operand is directly available in the instruction itself.

Examples:
LDA 2050 (load the contents of a memory location into accumulator A)
LHLD address (load contents of a 16-bit memory location into H-L register pair)
IN 35 (read the data from port whose address is 01)

4. Register Indirect Addressing Mode:- In register indirect addressing mode, the data to be operated is available inside a memory location and that memory location is indirectly specified b a register pair.

Examples:
MOV A, M (move the contents of the memory location pointed by the H-L pair to the accumulator)
LDAX B (move contains B-C register to the accumulator)
LXIH 9570 (load immediate the H-L pair with the address of the location 9570)

5. Implied/Implicit Addressing Mode:- In implied/implicit addressing mode the operand is hidden and the data to be operated is available in the instruction itself.

Examples:
CMA (finds and stores the 1’s complement of the contains accumulator A in A)
RRC (rotate accumulator A right by one bit)
RLC (rotate accumulator A left by one bit)

 

INSTRUCTIONS SET OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

   An instruction is a command given to the computer to perform a specified operation on the given data. The instruction set of a microprocessor is the collection of the instructions that the microprocessor is designed to execute. The instruction described here is of Intel 8085. These instructions are of Intel Corporation. They cannot be used by other manufactures. The programmer can write a program in assembly language using these instructions. These instructions have been classified into the following groups:

1. Data transfer (copy) Instruction
2. Arithmetic Instruction
3. Logical Instruction
4. Branching Instruction and
5. Machine control Instruction

 

1. DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTION:- Data transfer instructions are the instructions which transfer data in the microprocessor. They are also called copy instructions.

Following is the table showing the list of logical instructions:

OPCODE	OPERAND	EXPLANATION	EXAMPLE
MOV	Rd, Rs	Rd = Rs	MOV A, B
MOV	Rd, M	Rd = Mc	MOV A, 2050
MOV	M, Rs	M = Rs	MOV 2050, A
MVI	Rd, 8-bit data	Rd = 8-bit data	MVI A, 50
MVI	M, 8-bit data	M = 8-bit data	MVI 2050, 50
LDA	16-bit address	A = contents at address	LDA 2050
STA	16-bit address	contents at address = A	STA 2050
LHLD	16-bit address	directly loads at H & L registers	LHLD 2050
SHLD	16-bit address	directly stores from H & L registers	SHLD 2050
LXI	r.p., 16-bit data	loads the specified register pair with data	LXI H, 3050
LDAX	r.p.	indirectly loads at the accumulator A	LDAX H
STAX	16-bit address	indirectly stores from the accumulator A	STAX 2050
XCHG	none	exchanges H with D, and L with E	XCHG
PUSH	r.p.	pushes r.p. to the stack	PUSH H
POP	r.p.	pops the stack to r.p.	POP H
IN	8-bit port address	inputs contents of the specified port to A	IN 15
OUT	8-bit port address	outputs contents of A to the specified port	OUT 15

In the table,
R stands for register
M stands for memory
r.p. stands for register pair

2. ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTION

Arithmetic Instructions are the instructions that perform basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction and a few more. In 8085 microprocessor, the destination operand is generally the accumulator. In 8085 microprocessor, the destination operand is generally the accumulator.

Following is the table showing the list of arithmetic instructions:

OPCODE	OPERAND	EXPLANATION	EXAMPLE
ADD	R	A = A + R	ADD B
ADD	M	A = A + Mc	ADD 2050
ADI	8-bit data	A = A + 8-bit data	ADD 50
ADC	R	A = A + R + prev. carry	ADC B
ADC	M	A = A + Mc + prev. carry	ADC 2050
ACI	8-bit data	A = A + 8-bit data + prev. carry	ACI 50
SUB	R	A = A – R	SUB B
SUB	M	A = A – Mc	SUB 2050
SUI	8-bit data	A = A – 8-bit data	SUI 50
SBB	R	A = A – R – prev. carry	SBB B
SBB	M	A = A – Mc -prev. carry	SBB 2050
SBI	8-bit data	A = A – 8-bit data – prev. carry	SBI 50
INR	R	R = R + 1	INR B
INR	M	M = Mc + 1	INR 2050
INX	r.p.	r.p. = r.p. + 1	INX H
DCR	R	R = R – 1	DCR B
DCR	M	M = Mc – 1	DCR 2050
DCX	r.p.	r.p. = r.p. – 1	DCX H
DAD	r.p.	HL = HL + r.p.	DAD H

In the table,
R stands for register
M stands for memory
Mc stands for memory contents
r.p. stands for register pair

3.LOGICAL INSTRUCTION

Logical instructions are the instructions which perform basic logical operations such as AND, OR, etc. In 8085 microprocessor, the destination operand is always the accumulator. Here logical operation works on a bitwise level.

Following is the table showing the list of logical instructions:

OPCODE	OPERAND	DESTINATION	EXAMPLE
ANA	R	A = A AND R	ANA B
ANA	M	A = A AND Mc	ANA 2050
ANI	8-bit data	A = A AND 8-bit data	ANI 50
ORA	R	A = A OR R	ORA B
ORA	M	A = A OR Mc	ORA 2050
ORI	8-bit data	A = A OR 8-bit data	ORI 50
XRA	R	A = A XOR R	XRA B
XRA	M	A = A XOR Mc	XRA 2050
XRI	8-bit data	A = A XOR 8-bit data	XRI 50
CMA	none	A = 1’s complement of A	CMA
CMP	R	Compares R with A and triggers the flag register	CMP B
CMP	M	Compares Mc with A and triggers the flag register	CMP 2050
CPI	8-bit data	Compares 8-bit data with A and triggers the flag register	CPI 50
RRC	none	Rotate accumulator right without carry	RRC
RLC	none	Rotate accumulator left without carrying	RLC
RAR	none	Rotate accumulator right with carrying	RAR
RAL	none	Rotate accumulator left with a carrying	RAR
CMC	none	Compliments the carry flag	CMC
STC	none	Sets the carry flag	STC

In the table,
R stands for register
M stands for memory
Mc stands for memory contents

4. BRANCHING INSTRUCTION

Branching instructions refer to the act of switching execution to a different instruction sequence as a result of executing a branch instruction.

The three types of branching instructions are:

1. Jump (unconditional and conditional)
2. Call (unconditional and conditional)
3. Return (unconditional and conditional)

 

1. Jump Instructions –The jump instruction transfers the program sequence to the memory address given in the operand based on the specified flag. Jump instructions are 2 types: Unconditional Jump Instructions and Conditional Jump Instructions.

(a) Unconditional Jump Instructions: Transfers the program sequence to the described memory address.

OPCODE	OPERAND	EXPLANATION	EXAMPLE
JMP	address	Jumps to the address	JMP 2050

(b) Conditional Jump Instructions: Transfers the program sequence to the described memory address only if the condition is satisfied.

OPCODE	OPERAND	EXPLANATION	EXAMPLE
JC	address	Jumps to the address if the carry flag is 1	JC 2050
JNC	address	Jumps to the address if the carry flag is 0	JNC 2050
JZ	address	Jumps to the address if zero flags are 1	JZ 2050
JNZ	address	Jumps to the address if zero flags are 0	JNZ 2050
JPE	address	Jumps to the address if parity flag is 1	JPE 2050
JPO	address	Jumps to the address if parity flag is 0	JPO 2050
JM	address	Jumps to the address if sign flag is 1	JM 2050
JP	address	Jumps to the address if sign flag 0	JP 2050

2. Call Instructions –The call instruction transfers the program sequence to the memory address given in the operand. Before transferring, the address of the next instruction after CALL is pushed onto the stack. Call instructions are 2 types: Unconditional Call Instructions and Conditional Call Instructions.

(a) Unconditional Call Instructions: It transfers the program sequence to the memory address given in the operand.

OPCODE	OPERAND	EXPLANATION	EXAMPLE
CALL	address	Unconditionally calls	CALL 2050

(b) Conditional Call Instructions: Only if the condition is satisfied, the instructions execute.

OPCODE	OPERAND	EXPLANATION	EXAMPLE
CC	address	Call if the carry flag is 1	CC 2050
CNC	address	Call if the carry flag is 0	CNC 2050
CZ	address	Calls if zero flags are 1	CZ 2050
CNZ	address	Calls if zero flags are 0	CNZ 2050
CPE	address	Calls if the carry flag is 1	CPE 2050
CPO	address	Calls if the carry flag is 0	CPO 2050
CM	address	Calls if sign flag is 1	CM 2050
CP	address	Calls if sign flag is 0	CP 2050

3. Return Instructions –The return instruction transfers the program sequence from the subroutine to the calling program. Jump instructions are 2 types: Unconditional Jump Instructions and Conditional Jump Instructions.

(a) Unconditional Return Instruction: The program sequence is transferred unconditionally from the subroutine to the calling program.

OPCODE	OPERAND	EXPLANATION	EXAMPLE
RET	none	Return from the subroutine unconditionally	RET

(b) Conditional Return Instruction: The program sequence is transferred unconditionally from the subroutine to the calling program only is the condition is satisfied.

OPCODE	OPERAND	EXPLANATION	EXAMPLE
RC	none	Return from the subroutine if the carry flag is 1	RC
RNC	none	Return from the subroutine if the carry flag is 0	RNC
RZ	none	Return from the subroutine if zero flags are 1	RZ
RNZ	none	Return from the subroutine if zero flags are 0	RNZ
RPE	none	Return from the subroutine if parity flag is 1	RPE
RPO	none	Return from the subroutine if parity flag is 0	RPO
RM	none	Returns from the subroutine if sign flag is 1	RM
RP	none	Returns from the subroutine if sign flag is 0	RP

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