Serial Interfacing Serial interfacing is a communication interface between two digital systems that transmits data as a series of voltage pulses down a wire. A […]

Parallel Interfacing Parallel interfacing provides a multiline data channel in which bits are sent across multiple conductors simultaneously. The bits must stay in synchronization as […]

RISC and CISC architecture The architectural designs of CPU are RISC (Reduced instruction set computing) and CISC (Complex instruction set computing). CISC has the ability […]

Register-based and accumulator based architecture A register-based CPU architecture has one or more general-purpose registers (where “general purpose register” excludes special-purpose registers, like stack pointer […]

Different level of parallelism There are several different levels of parallelism: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has long been employed in high-performance computing, […]

Parallel and Concurrent Systems Parallel and Concurrent Systems are synonyms in many fields; not so in programming, where they are used to describe fundamentally different […]

Introduction to 8259 (8259 Microprocessor) 8259 microprocessor is defined as a Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) microprocessor. There are 5 hardware interrupts and 2 hardware interrupts […]

Interrupt Handling with 8085 Interrupt handling is a key function in real-time software and comprises interrupts and their handlers. Only those physical interrupts which of […]

Interrupt Service Routine Interrupt service routine (ISR) is actually a call back function (program) in case of software or device driver (I/O device) in case […]

Interrupt Processing Sequence The occurrence of an interrupt fires a number of events both in processor hardware and software. The figure below displays a sequence. […]