{"id":711,"date":"2021-04-21T10:58:23","date_gmt":"2021-04-21T10:58:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bcisnotes.com\/fourthsemester\/?p=711"},"modified":"2021-04-21T10:58:23","modified_gmt":"2021-04-21T10:58:23","slug":"javascript-strings-client-side-scripting-bcis-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bcisnotes.com\/fourthsemester\/javascript-strings-client-side-scripting-bcis-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"JavaScript Strings || Client Side Scripting || BCIS Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 29\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">JavaScript Strings<\/h1>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 29\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>A JavaScript string is a sequence of letters, numbers, special characters and arithmetic values or combination of all. JavaScript Strings can be created by enclosing the string literal i.e. string characters) either within single quotes (&#8216;) or double quotes (&#8220;), as shown in the example below:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8416\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.37.21-PM.png\" alt=\"JavaScript Strings\" width=\"423\" height=\"72\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>JavaScript Escape Sequences<\/h2>\n<p>Escape sequences are also useful for situations where you want to use characters that can&#8217;t be typed using a keyboard. Here are some other most commonly used escape sequences.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\n is replaced by the newline character<\/li>\n<li>\\t is replaced by the tab character<\/li>\n<li>\\r is replaced by the carriage-return character<\/li>\n<li>\\b is replaced by the backspace character<\/li>\n<li>\\\\ is replaced by a single backslash (\\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Getting the Length of a String<\/h3>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 29\">The length property returns the length of the strings in JavaScript, which is the number of\u00a0characters contained in the string. This includes the number of special characters\u00a0as well, such as<\/div>\n<div title=\"Page 29\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8417 size-full\" title=\"Getting the Length of a String\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.38.00-PM.png\" alt=\"Getting the Length of a String\" width=\"460\" height=\"67\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 30\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h3>Finding a String Inside Another String<\/h3>\n<p>You can use the indexOf() method to find a substring or string within another string. This method returns the index or position of the first occurrence of a specified string within a string.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8418 size-full\" title=\"Finding a String Inside Another String\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.38.43-PM.png\" alt=\"Finding a String Inside Another String\" width=\"557\" height=\"60\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Similarly, you can use the lastIndexOf() method to get the index or position of the last occurrence of the specified string within a string, like this:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8419 size-full\" title=\"Finding a String Inside Another String\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.40.00-PM.png\" alt=\"Finding a String Inside Another String\" width=\"542\" height=\"59\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Both of the indexOf(), and the lastIndexOf() methods return -1, if the subtracting is not found.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h3>Searching for a Pattern Inside a String<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>You can use the search() method to search a particular piece of text or pattern inside a string.<\/p>\n<p>Like indexOf() method the search() method also returns the index of the first match, and returns -1 if no matches were found, but unlike indexOf() method this method can also take a regular expression as its argument to provide advanced search capabilities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 31\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h3><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8420 size-full\" title=\"Searching for a Pattern Inside a String\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.41.43-PM.png\" alt=\"Searching for a Pattern Inside a String\" width=\"556\" height=\"112\" \/><br \/>\nExtracting a Substring from a String<\/h3>\n<p>You can use the slice() method to extract a part or substring from a string.<\/p>\n<p>This method takes 2 parameters: start index (index at which to begin extraction), and an optional end index (index before which to end extraction),<br \/>\nlike str.slice(startIndex, endIndex).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8421\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.42.59-PM.png\" alt=\"Extracting a Substring from a String\" width=\"629\" height=\"44\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Extracting a Fixed Number of Characters from a String<\/h3>\n<p>JavaScript also provide the substr() method which is similar to slice() with a subtle difference, the second parameter specifies the number of characters to extract instead of ending index, like str.substr(startIndex, length).<br \/>\nIf length is 0 or a negative number, an empty string is returned.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8422\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.44.36-PM.png\" alt=\"Extracting a Fixed Number of Characters from a String\" width=\"629\" height=\"95\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 32\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h3>Converting a String to Uppercase or Lowercase<\/h3>\n<p>You can use the toUpperCase() method to convert a string to uppercase, like this:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8424\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.46.03-PM.png\" alt=\"Converting a String to Uppercase or Lowercase\" width=\"583\" height=\"59\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Similarly, you can use the toLowerCase() to convert string to lowercase, like this:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8426\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.47.32-PM.png\" alt=\"Converting a String to Uppercase or Lowercase\" width=\"613\" height=\"61\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Concatenating Two or More Strings<\/h3>\n<p>You can concatenate or combine two or more strings using the + and += assignment operators.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8428\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.48.41-PM.png\" alt=\"Concatenating Two or More Strings\" width=\"628\" height=\"153\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Accessing Individual Characters from a String<\/h3>\n<p>You can use the \u00a0charAt()\u00a0method to access individual character from a string, like str.charAt(index). The index specified should be an integer between 0 and str.length -1. If no index is provided the first character in the string is returned, since the default is o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8431\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.52.18-PM.png\" alt=\"Accessing Individual Characters from a String\" width=\"586\" height=\"98\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 33\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 33\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Strings can be treated like read-only arrays, and you can access individual characters from a string using square brackets ([]) instead of the charAt() method, as demonstrated in the following example:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8433\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.53.36-PM.png\" alt=\"Accessing Individual Characters from a String\" width=\"589\" height=\"70\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 34\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h2>Working with Numbers<\/h2>\n<p>JavaScript supports both integer and floating-point numbers that can be represented in decimal, hexadecimal or octal notation. Unlike other languages, JavaScript does not treat integer and floating-point numbers differently. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-point numbers.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8441\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.57.20-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"619\" height=\"61\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Extra large numbers can be represented in exponential notation e.g. 6.02e+23 (same as 6.02&#215;10\u00b2\u00b3).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8443\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.57.49-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"65\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Numbers can also be represented in hexadecimal notation (base 16). Hexadecimal numbers are prefixed into 0x. They are commonly used to represents colors. For example:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8445\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.58.12-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"478\" height=\"113\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Operating on Numbers and Strings<\/h3>\n<p>As you know from the previous chapters, the + operator is used for both addition and concatenation. So, performing mathematical operations on numbers and strings may produce interesting results. The following example will show you what happens when you add numbers and strings:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 35\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8447\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-1.59.36-PM.png\" alt=\"Operating on Numbers and Strings\" width=\"636\" height=\"326\" \/><\/p>\n<p>If you observe the above example carefully, you will find that the result of the last operation is not just a simple string concatenation, because operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right. That&#8217;s why, since variables x and y both are numbers they are added first then the result is concatenated with the variable z which is a string, hence final result is 30 + &#8220;30&#8221; = &#8220;3030&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>But, if you perform other mathematical operations like multiplication, division, or subtraction the result will be different. JavaScript will automatically<br \/>\nconvert numeric strings (i.e. strings containing numeric values) to numbers in all numeric operations, as shown in the following example:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 36\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8453 size-full\" title=\"Operating on Numbers and Strings\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-2.02.15-PM.png\" alt=\"Operating on Numbers and Strings\" width=\"612\" height=\"235\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"page36image33414080\" width=\"426.680000\" height=\"17.500000\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Moreover, if you try to multiply or divide numbers with strings that are not numeric, it returns NaN (Not a Number). Also, if you use mathematical operation, the result will also be NaN.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8455 size-full\" title=\"Operating on Numbers and Strings\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinenotesnepal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-04-at-2.02.55-PM.png\" alt=\"Operating on Numbers and Strings\" width=\"611\" height=\"297\" \/><\/p>\n<p>If you liked our content JavaScript Strings, then \u00a0you will also like\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/bcisnotes.com\/fourthsemester\/javascript-events-client-side-scripting-bcis-notes\/\">JavaScript Events\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>JavaScript Strings A JavaScript string is a sequence of letters, numbers, special characters and arithmetic values or combination of all. JavaScript Strings can be created <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/bcisnotes.com\/fourthsemester\/javascript-strings-client-side-scripting-bcis-notes\/\" title=\"JavaScript Strings || Client Side Scripting || BCIS Notes\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":759,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[227,226,243],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>JavaScript Strings || Client Side Scripting || BCIS Notes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A JavaScript strings are the sequence of letters, numbers, special characters and arithmetic values or combination of all.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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